I want to know hardware with this

[lionfinger2007]

I have being doing software for long but now I want to start doing hardware too and it can be easy for me by
recieving the answers to this my quetions by you people.
First of all,how many electronic components are there in phone[pcb]?
Second,their identification,which include;their name,colour,the amount of legs contained e.g DIODE contained only
two[2]legs i.e it`s 2 egde,while i.c contained more than 3 legs,[plz if possible show with pictures].
Thirth,their works. eg[as I heard but not sure]that diode is an electric valve and works in an electronic as valve
works in tire i.e allowing the current to move into a circut and protect it to rush out e.g in discharging of
battery.
Fourth,how to read phone components,e.g if I want to read the value of a capacitor,I will just place the two wires
from meter to the two edge of the capacitor and find out it`s value but if I want to read an i.c how can I?
Then again,how will I read the way of a feature e.g ringer ways or mic ways for example in a case that the phone
does not ring out and the external componet i.e the ringer is ok how will I know which component that is bad or how
will I find out where there is a cut of connection that makes current not to come to that ringer`s interface
[in summary where will I place the positive or negative wire from the meter to trace the faulty place or
component?] some says I should place the negative of the wire at the earth and trace with the positive by checking
all responsible components and interfaces to find out which one is faulty or where the connection cut.[plz which
place is earth in phone pcb]
Plz any body that will answer these my quetions,let him answer it clearly according to my quetions and if
possible with pictures so that these tutorial will be the best guide line for hardware learners.
BR,
lionfinger2007.